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Professor Cosetta Seno’s asks: …“Who Did It? The Mysterious Murder of the History of Italian Literature” … [part 2 of 2]

Professor Cosetta Seno’s asks: …“Who Did It? The Mysterious Murder of the History of Italian Literature” … [part 2 of 2]

Tom Verso (March 2, 2016)

In my first blog commentary on University of Colorado Italian Studies Professor Cosetta Seno’s 2014 “Italica” article (“Who Did It? The Mysterious Murder of the History of Italian Literature” Vol. 91, # 3, pp. 255-275), I posited that her article is essentially (to my mind) tripartite: 1) A brief, albeit brilliantly cogent, description and generational analysis of the “American Italianisti” and their pedagogic practices. 2) A very detail summary of the three century history (1700 to present) of the writing of “storia della letteratura” (history of literature) manuals, and their demise in the second half of the twentieth century. 3) A concluding section of suggestions and recommendations for the teaching of Italian literature. /// /// The first blog article discussed, in some detail, parts one and two. This article will consider part three “suggestions and recommendations” (pp. 269-275). /// /// While the essence of part three of her article is “suggestions and recommendations”, nevertheless Prof. Seno posited a couple of parenthetical sentences that are pregnant with profound implications far beyond the scope and intention of the article. Specifically she writes: (a) “I do not presume, of course, to tackle theoretical problems”, and (b) “I feel that many of my colleagues share several of my impressions and concerns.” /// /// Regarding sentence (a), those “theoretical problems” go to the essence of her pedagogic concerns; i.e. why “storia della letteratura” has ceased being taught, or even written and published. Prevailing theory of literary criticism governs publication and teaching. Of course, such theoretical considerations would entail another article(s), indeed book(s). However, to my mind, she might have posited a few thoughts on the subject, bringing to the reader’s mind the significance and implications of theoretical issues. For example, Camille Paglia, in her ranting rage about the failure to teach the history of literature, repeatedly lambasted the pedagogic affects of “post-structuralism”(see http://www.c-span.org/video/?115418-1/american-education-reform). After her talk, the listener would not fully understand the specifics of “post-structuralism” on literary pedagogy, but there would be no doubt about its profound pedagogical significance. /// /// Professor Seno, albeit without the trademark Paglia southern Italian fervor, similarly could have provided a tad more theoretical discussion. After the Paglia talk, one interested in the subject of literary history and education knew were to pursue the topic in more detail. Professor Seno does not leave the reader with a clear sense of ‘what should I do now’ … now that I know the problem, how do I proceed to better understand and indeed contribute to a solution? /// /// Which brings up the second ‘pregnant’ thought (b) “I feel that many of my colleagues share several of my impressions and concerns.” Why “feelings”? Why don’t her colleagues articulate, as she and Paglia have, clearly and unequivocally their concerns about the demise of “storia della letteratura”? To my mind, their reluctance points to the essence of the university education bureaucracy and the bureaucratic governance of pedagogy. /// /// There was a “brief shining Camelot moment” during the 1960s when “academic freedom” seemed ‘real’. Like Camelot, it was an illusion. Today, ours is a more honest reality age. That reality is indubitable: academicians are ‘workers’ and like all workers in all crafts, they do (teach) ‘the Man’s bidding’. If they want to get a PhD, get a job, get published, get grants, get tenure, get promoted; they MUST conform to the prevailing social and pedagogic ideological standards, or “drink hemlock.” /// “Who murdered “storia della letteratura”? The same assassin who murdered Socrates! … To wit: Political Correctness!

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Summarizing contemporary teaching of Italian literature vis-à-vis storia della letteratura, in Italy and the USA, Professor Seno writes:

“The fact is that in today's Italy the manuals of storia della letteratura belong in the worlds of antiquarians… The Italian programs in the USA followed suit. [Indeed,] slightly before it happened in Italy… (p. 269)
Accordingly, questions may reasonably be asked; she writes:
“Now that we no longer have textbooks that teach the history of literature,
      - Do we fare better?
       - Do we proceed more expeditiously in the
  interpretation of literary problems?
       - Do we feel comfortable teaching literature without the   guide once considered indispensable? (p. 269)
Note especially the terminology she uses: fare better, interpretationand comfortable; words connoting subjective value judgments. Obviously, the majority of teachers today answer the above affirmatively. That is why they do not teach storia della letteratura. Their current pedagogic methods make them “feel comfortable”, etc.
Again, Prof. Seno asks rhetorically:
Would it truly be harmful to bring back those manuals and update them in a way that could be beneficial to students? (p269-70)
Again, the word harmfulis subjective.
Clearly, different teachers will differ on relative benefits of a given pedagogic approach to the teaching of literature. Professor Seno, it seems to me, is conveying a sense of equivocation. She does not confront and critique prevailing pedagogy emphatically and unequivocally. Better she should say unequivocally (a la Paglia-esque):
There is no doubt that bringing back storia della letteratura manuals would significantly improve a students understanding and appreciation of Italian literature … Period!
But, that is not Prof. Seno’s style. Unlike Paglia who, like Nietzsche, “philosophizes with a hammer;” Prof. Seno is genteel and hesitant (perhaps too). She writes:
I dare to put forward some impressions and suggestions
I do not presume
I simply wish to say… (p. 270)
Note again the terminology lacks force and unequivocal commitmment. Rather concern about offending: "dare", "presume" "wish".  Specifically, some of her ‘daring’ "impressions and suggestions":
 “We must be sure that the student knows or is told:
By Renaissance we understand a period and a type of culture that flourished in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries
Reads the Principe
Italy was not a unified nation
In Cortegiano, he does not confuse a Renaissance court with a Medieval one or with a Princeton faculty club”.
 “Students will get out of these readings the vague understanding that literary works belong to the times in which they were composed
There exists a chronology and a differentiated continuity,
Know extensive poems about knights and ladies, and will be surprised to realize that those kinds of works do not exist in today's literature.
novels were not written in that period
short stories … differences in the tone, style, and imagination between Bandello and Straparola” (p270)
In short:
“The student gets the idea literature has its own particular language,
language has a history, and
used in a unique form by different individuals. (271)
 
All of this seems, prima facie, straight forward and uncontroversial. Yet, because it is put forward under the aegis of  ‘daring’ “impressions and suggestions”; one concludes that currently they are not generally considered appropriate objectives for students of Italian Renaissance literature.
Which bring us back to “the death of the storia della letteratura,because literary language has a history and is used uniquely by different individuals, Prof. Seno says:
Literature, therefore, exists in two ways: one in its continuity or diachrony, and the other in its individual form.
Specifically, because it is not obvious how the two elements integrate, the “diachronic” has been eliminated; she writes:
The relationship between the two elements in literature was and still remains a great problem, one that has contributed to the death of the storia della letteratura. (p.271)
However, it is not reasonable to drop the historic aspect of literature because of the lack of clarity about its relationship to the uniqueness of individual writing. If nothing else it is obvious that they complement each other.
“But one may wonder if dropping the "historic" aspect of literature has been a sound decision. The fact that we do not understand how they integrate each other does not constitute a reason to avoid seeing that they complement each other
On the contrary:
Good sense tells us that both aspects coexist. Experience tells us that the study of literature, of a literature, is not simply exclusively reading the text and giving it subtle and brilliant interpretations.
There is no doubt that some historical knowledge may make the study of literature more attractive.
271
Again, notice the indefiniteness of her language: “one may wonder”; “good sense tells us”; “attractive”. On the one hand she argues epistemologically (i.e. historic knowledge) and on the other she reduces to aesthetics (i.e. historic attractiveness).
At this point a reader (c'est moi) may be ‘chafing at the bit’ (so to speak) anticipating an explanation as to why all the above seemingly reasonable pedagogic concepts are not part of Italian literary studies. What is the problem? Why wouldn’t a literature teacher bring these basic literary concepts to their students? Sadly, to my mind, Professor Seno disappoints.
Consistent with her earlier statement not to presume, of course, to tackle theoretical problems”, she avoids any specific commentary on prevailing literary pedagogic practices. To my mind, this is a serious flaw in her presentation. The pedagogic virtues that she expounds would be made more robust and convincing by juxtapositioning them against the shortcomings she wishes to improve upon. The only way change (in general) is brought about is by convincingly arguing the shortcomings of prevailing practices.
Again, she argues her thesis trepiditiously. She stipulates, albeit with hesitation. Interestingly she writes:
“There is no doubt that some historical knowledge may make the study of literature more attractive. (p. 271)
The juxtaposition of no doubt” and “mayin the same sentence fascinates. It’s a contradiction – no?
Accordingly, instead of engaging the present problematic practices (‘taking the bull by the horns’), she continues with extensive, albeit excellent, lesson plan outlines (as it were) for teaching genre themes (sonnets, epic poems, novel, etc.) (p. 271-272)
After presenting examples of teaching literature based on its history, the concluding section of her article posits some specifics about the characteristics of the “ideal manual/textbook” she envisions for the classroom.
Again, her discussion of her ideal is wavering. She writes:
“In our examples, we have assumed that a student would learn the importance and fruitfulness of the historic and diachronic approach. (p.272)
But, she challenges her own assumption:
“But in reality, this way of learning would require many lives to attain a satisfactory understanding of the many aspects of literary phenomena. (p.272)
Of course the reality of any discipline (history, chemistry, evolution, etc.) requires many lives to attain understanding. But, what we are talking about here (I thought) is a single literature course, or a single degree program (MA, PhD). What are the objectives of that course / program? And, what is the role of storia della letteratura?
Professor Seno writes:
“The manuals of the history of literature offer a great deal of help. The important thing is to acknowledge their usefulness and know how to use them. (p.272)
Well at this point, it seems to me, she has seriously diminished what at first seemed to be engaging a revolution in teaching Italian literature. Rather, it turns out to be the proverbial “mouse that roared”. What at first seemed an effort to rectify gross misunderstanding and misrepresentation of Italian literature imposed on students; all we are talking about is a useful manual.
And what are the characteristics of the “useful manuals”? The professor goes on for two interesting albeit (with no disrespect) clichéd pages (p. 272-274). The manual she envisions is essentially a representation of her subjective aesthetics. Indeed she writes:
“I am setting forth some desiderata
Desiderata, which I understand to mean, “desired” or “to want”. Desires / Wants are subjective.
More specifically, the desiderata:
How useful the manuals can be and how one learns how to use them depends to a great extent on the way they are conceived.
Specifically:
“We would expect to attain an understanding of fact and literary movements in their intertwining and crossing, and animate and/or modify the field in which they are active.
HUH ?!?
I’m not sure what that means? She explains (I think):
“The best way of knowing something is to know it per causas, that is, to understand why things come to be in their own specific way.
What does it mean to know the cause of literature? Seemingly, she defines cause as influence.
“[The manual] should make it clear that in literature authors read and react and/or imitate their predecessor, and this sequence helps [students] understand notions like sources, imitation, the "anxiety of influence" and even the change of taste in the audiences.
Also, causes/influences do not include economics and politics; but (to my utter amazement) they do include Gramsic-esque “power groups”.
“I would like to see my manual abandon the scheme of describing literature as a "mirror" of the economic and political situation.
I would rather have a storia della letteratura that focuses on the Gramscian notion of "hegemony" which is more flexible and more apt to describe the phenomenon of literature in a more comprehensive way. We would see how literature responds to pressures exercised by "power groups,"
I’m confused … seriously confused!
My understanding of Gramsci is that hegemony is achieved by “power groups”, and power groups are political and economic groups. Who has power in a society if not the economic and political groups? According to Prof. Seno the power groups are publishers and readers.
“…power groups, how publishers and readers enter into the picture,
Now I’m really confused. Previously she rejected “theory of "Rezeption ":
“In any case, the most serious blow on this genre [storia della letteratura] came from a combination of factors including the explosion of "literary theories" starting with the "structuralism," and of the theory of ‘Rezeption’, which disregarded the importance of the author, substituting it with the importance of the reader. P268
Again, this seems to me to be a contradiction. On the one hand she sees Rezeption (i.e. importance of reader) as contributing to decline of storia della letteratura. On the other, she wants to see emphasis placed on Gramsic-esque power groups such as the readers.

However, I don't believe Professro Seno is a contradictory thinker per se. I think she is not clearly articulating her theory because of her reluctance to engage in a systematic critique of prevailing theory. Hopefully, she will get beyond her unwillingness "to presume, of course, to tackle theoretical problems". Unless and until she "tackles" theory head-on, her presentation will lack convincingness and appear not well thought out. She will only express her subjective aesthetics.
In sum: clearly, to my mind, Professor Seno no doubt is steeped in the history of Italian literature and has very strong and highly commendable “feelings” about what should constitute the substance and methods of teaching Italian literature. Further, the substance and methods she embraces seemingly are at odds with the prevailing literary pedagogy.
However, she cannot hope to affect change by simply expressing desiderata. Change in prevailing theory and method can only be achieved by what she eschews –  “tackling theoretical problems”.
 
More genral Conclusion:   “Knowledge Monopolies and “Political Correctness
In a profoundly stimulating and thought provoking book “Dogmatism in Science and Medicine: How Dominant Theories Monopolize Research and Stifle the Search for Truth”, Henry H. Bauer (Professor Emeritus of Chemistry & Science Studies; Dean Emeritus of Arts & Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University) writes:
“When everyone knows the same thing, that can be called a knowledge monopoly: public knowledge is monopolized by this supposed truth. (e-book Location 21)
Further, over an increasing range of fields of science and medicine there are knowledge monopolies that have become hegemonic: ideological, dogmatic, unscientific in the sense of ignoring competent minority opinion and the significance of undisputed evidence; (L 44-45).
Professor Bauer’s book presents a litany of such intellectual and creative stifling examples from contemporary science and medicine. For example, the so-called “Big Bang” theory of the origins of the universe has become a “monopoly of knowledge’ in the field of astronomy. Competent researchers who bring forth verifiable evidence challenging the theory are ignored and marginalized. Prof. Bauer writes:
Early in 2004, Europe's premier scientific periodical, Nature, received a letter signed by thirty-four scientists who were protesting against the monopoly exercised by the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe.
The mounting evidence against that theory was being censored: the relevant scientific journals were refusing to publish data and reasoning that question the theory.
Astronomers could not get research grants unless their proposed work fitted with the theory. The thirty-four protesters could hardly be dismissed as not knowing what they were talking about: they included such stellar astrophysicists as Thomas Gold and Hermann Bondi, who for many years had been among the universally acknowledged elite of astronomy and cosmology. Still, Nature refused to publish their letter. (L 65-69).
Knowledge monopolies are not limited to the natural sciences. They are present in the humanities and social sciences, indeed More so! However, idiomatically more often characterized as “political correctness”. More so, in the sense that issues in the natural science are abstract and have no obvious connection if at all with the workaday lives of the population. Whereas the humanities and social science touch on issues that are clearly associated with real life ideological, political and economic beliefs, and decision-making.
Examples of political correctness abound in the American university system. Consider for example: Thomas James DiLorenzo, Economic History professor at Loyola University Maryland who had the temerity to write about Abraham Lincoln inconsistent with the Lincoln political correctness. He refers pejoratively to establishment Lincoln scholars as the “The Church of Lincoln” and “Lincoln cultist”, he says:
“The Church of Lincoln is sort of a closed society, this whole Lincoln - what I call the Lincoln cult. And when you only are around other people who think alike, and not only that, who pressure you to think alike and punish you professionally if you don't think like everyone else...
I've been around some of these Lincoln scholars before and I've had some experiences that were sort of appalling. (see: Related Artices #4 for more on Di Lorenzo and video link)
Again, the case of E. Michael Jones, founder and editor of Culture Wars Magazine and prolific book writer about contemporary American culture: Fresh out of his PhD program he was hired for a tenure track position by St. Mary’s Catholic College. However at the end of the first year he was terminated. The reason: he was against abortion. To his amazement this fundamental principle of Catholic doctrine alienated him from the English department staff of a Catholic college, and they moved to have him fired. Note: he was note accused of introducing abortion issues in his lectures or assignments. Rather, he posted notices of “Pro-Life rallies” on his office door and generally made know his position with conversations with the staff; practices that were common with pro-abortion staffers who gained tenure and promotions. Indeed, his principle advisory went on to become department head and national figure in the pro-abortion movement. (see Related Articles #1 for Jones' St. Mary’s affair)
One can go on with many many more examples of how politically correct ideology affects research and teaching in the American university system.
However, the point here is to suggest that the resistance to teaching storia della letteratura per Professor Seno or more generally history of literature per Camille Paglia may have more to do with prevailing politically correct ideology than literary criticism and pedagogy per se.
Professor Seno is obviously a profound linguistic and literary scholar. Truly! More importantly, much more importantly, this article demonstrates that she is a dedicated teacher who is passionately committed to bringing students of Italian literature to an intellectual understanding and aesthetic appreciation of Italian literature, and by extension Italian culture.

This is a very important article not only for teachers of storia della letteratura. It is much more than that! It is a call and a model for all teachers to evaluate their pedagogic assumptions about their educational goals and objectives, and method of teaching.
I have repeatedly noted above what I judge to be the hesitant tone and equivocation in Professor Seno’s language, which seemed to imply lack of unequivocal commitment to the pedagogy she is promoting. However, I can’t help but wonder if “there be method in her madness”! Her tentativeness may be a manifestation of her recognition that there is more involved with university pedagogy than teaching literature. Rather, there are underlying ideologies that tacitly dictate what is taught and how it is taught. This may be why she says: "I feel that many of my colleagues share several of my impression and concerns."  Why does she have to intuit her colleague's pedagogic feelings? Why don't they articulate their ideas? 
In short, there is more, much more, to “Structuralism”, for example, than a guide to reading literature! It is a comprehensive value system that transcends teaching literature and defines a moral and aesthetic cultural milieu.
Teachers who too aggressively challenge the precepts of the prevailing milieu suffer the consequences. See “Related Articles” #1-5  for links to discussions of some scholars who had the temerity to challenge and were hemlock-ed. 

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