Sign in | Log in

“Sicily: Language, Art, and Culture”
 - University of Pennsylvania - February 2016 -- { Senza Storici }

“Sicily: Language, Art, and Culture”
 - University of Pennsylvania - February 2016 -- { Senza Storici }

Tom Verso (June 23, 2016)

How excited and proud all Sicilian Americans can feel about an international conference about Sicily being held at a crème de la crème Ivy League University (see: https://www.sas.upenn.edu/italians/event/2016/02/sicily-language-art-and-culture -- see PDF link at bottom). Not to mention that the same University of Pennsylvania offers a course in the Sicilian ‘Language’ (Not Dialect!!) (see: https://www.sas.upenn.edu/italians/pc/course/2015C/ITAL105). And ever so happily, it was not a conference about the Mafia. /// /// However, like magnificent tragic heroes, this magnificent conference had a tragic flaw. As with American universities’ Italian Studies programs generally, this gathering of Sicilian culturati was dominated by the literati. /// /// Based on Google name searches: twenty-three (23) of the thirty-three (33) presenters have degrees in, teach and/or research Italian literature; fully 70% (see table below). One (1) presenter has a degree in 'social history' (i.e. Southern Italian History). As with American Italian Studies scholars generally, the ‘amanti della sicilia’ manifests the same disregard for what the great historian Marc Bloch called, and titled has book on the subject, “The Historian’s Craft.” Literary scholars often tacitly (if not overtly) embrace the assumption that societies can be know by the literature produced in that society. Of course, literature documents are very significant and not to be ignored remnant documents of the past. However, they are not the only documents, and knowledge of society entails correlation with documents of other genera (economic, political, military, journalism, religious, etc.). /// /// Like the parable of the five blind men trying to know an elephant, each feeling one part of the elephant's body; the literati ‘feel’ only one part of society – the literary part. Sadly, from the point of view of the southern-Italian American masses, who thirst for knowledge of their ‘old country’ progeneration, American universities' Italian Studies only provide knowledge of the ‘elephant’s leg’ – as it were. Worst: only part of ‘the leg’! /// /// Thus for example, at this conference, more ink was added to the gallons spilled on the endless and perennial Sciascia ‘love-fest’. Meanwhile the absolutely and unequivocally most significant documentary window into the Sicilian peasant culture of the great migration to America – not a pencil mark about the anthropological works of Pietre; ignored and largely not translated (see Related Articles # 1). Similarly, the documentary window into the Risorgimento that gave rise to that migration, such as the works of Michele Amari are largely un-translated and ignored (see Related Articles #2). /// /// All of which is not to say the U of Penn conference was not wonderful, in the sense that it demonstrates that there is more, much more than 'crime' to the magnificent history and culture of Sicily. Rather, it is to note that when it comes to bringing the fullness of that history and culture to fruition – we need more scholars from different schools of the ‘blind’ – so to speak. Sicilian literary scholars, to my mind, should be reaching out to other academic disciplines to form a heterogeneous Sicilian Scholars Association. For example, the keynote speaker at the 2012 American Association for Italian Studies’ conference was the renown English social historian of the Mezzogiorno John Dickie. Although, frankly, I suspect the motivation for bringing Prof. Dickie to speak, at that 69% female dominated association, had more do with his women’s issues subject matter than the recognition that Italian Studies needs to augment literary criticism with good dose of historiography (see Related Articles #3)

Tools

  

Sicily: Language, Art, and Culture
 - University of Pennsylvania

A Google name search for each of the conference Presenters indicated ‘general’ areas of Specialties. Twenty-three (23) of the thirty-three (33) Presenters have degrees in, teach and/or research Italian literature; i.e. fully 70%. One (1) presenter has a degree in 'social history' (i.e. Southern Italian History).
PresentersSenza Storici
 
Presenters
(per on-line agenda: see  link above)
Specialty
       (per Google Name Search)
 
 
 
1
Angela Zagarella
Literature
2
Meriel Tulante
Literature
3
Alfonso Campisi
Literature
4
Pietro Frassica
Literature
5
Gaetano Cipolla
Literature
6
Silvia Bergamini
Literature
7
Lina Insana
Literature
8
Lillyrose Veneziano Broccia
Literature
9
Chiara Mazzucchelli
Literature
10
Santi Buscemi
Literature
11
Alessandra Migliara
Literature
12
Daniela Bini
Literature
13
Angelo Castagnino
Literature
14
Salvatore Pappalardo
Literature
15
Alessandro Zammataro,
Literature
16
Frank Pellicone
Literature
17
Fred Gardaphe,
Literature
18
Alberto Gelmi
Literature
19
Salvatore Campisi
Literature
20
Elisa Pianges,
Literature
21
Stefania Porcelli
Literature
22
Aurelia Bartholini
Literature
23
Antonella Vitale
Southern Italian History
24
Kristen Streahle
Art History
25
Allison Scola
Music
26
Rob Schultz
Music
27
Paola Bernardini,
Philosophy
28
Lucio Privitello
Philosophy
29
William V. Fioravanti
Pop Culture
30
Gina Mangravite
Education
31
George De Stefano
Journalist / Author
32
Tony Junker
Architect
33
Elisa Ruggiero
?
Clearly, the organizers and the participants of the Conference do not feel that historians can make a significant contribution to the knowledge of history and culture of Sicily. Ironically, the title of every single presentation explicitly denotes or implies the historic past. Even one title that reads, in part: “… 1945 to the Present”. The so-called “Present” is long “Past” by the time the scholar wrote about it. We think of ‘yesterday’ as the Present relative to ‘1945’. But, ‘yesterday’ is very much the past. Like ‘1945’, ‘yesterday’ can only be known through documents. In short, writing about ‘yesterday’  (the so-called 'present') is historical writing.
Given the predominance of discourse about past Sicilian historical phenomena, how does one explain the 'virtual' absence (save one) of any historians at the U Penn conference?  Can the Literature of Sicily be separated from the History of Sicily?
There are two was to consider works of art and literature: Critically and Historiographically.
- Criticism, in the academic sense of the word, is an aesthetic discipline.
- Historiography is an epistemological discipline.
Thus, Literary Criticism is an aesthetic discipline wherein the critic expounds on the comparative virtues and/or shortcomings of a literary work in terms of the critic’s personal aesthetic assumptions. Critical propositions are not subject to tests of truth or falsity, or logical validity. The tacit subtitle of all literary critical works is: “ … It seems to me”.
On the other hand, History is an epistemological discipline grounded in methodological rigor (e.g. Marc Bloch’s “The Historian’s Craft”; Langlois and Signobos “The Study of History). The tacit subtitle of all historical works is: “ … Inferences based on ‘preponderance of evidence’ and ‘reasonable doubt’” (see for example: Related Articles # 4  for a discussion of these concepts as they pertain to Garibaldi historiography)
While it is perfectly reasonable and appropriate to apply critical aesthetic theory to works of literature; nevertheless, they are not solely aesthetic documents. Literature is produced in a social context. Accordingly, they cannot be fully appreciated and cannot be fully understood outside of social historical context.
Prof. Cosetta Seno (U of Colorado Italian Studies), in her excellent thought provoking article “Who Did It? The Mysterious Murder of the History of Italian Literature” (see Related Articles #5 & 6), writes:
literature has its own particular language, this language has a history (p. 271).
More to the point she writes:
“Paolo Emiliani Giudici Storia exposes in a schematic way one of the major problems that the genre "history of literature" will always face, namely the relationship between history and literature, for no aesthetics have ever solved it in a definitive way. (p. 263)
All of which is not to denigrate or minimize the role of criticism in coming to know a literary work or the society in which the work was produced. The critic draws attention to aspects of the work for the reader to consider and more fully appreciate the ‘beauty’ of the work. Excellent criticism is a catalyst that facilities and enhances the experience of a work’s beauty.
However, there is a tendency in some schools of literary criticism to abstract the work out of its historical social context.
In this Platonic view, criticism is done in terms of some absolute aesthetic principles that transcend time. Dante, for example, is beautiful for all times, if one quests for beauty in terms of a subjective Platonic aesthetic experience.  However, if one quests for knowledge of historic Italy, then Platonic ideals have no place. Enter Aristotle. The historian seeks ‘facts’ (i.e. verifiably true or false) and makes logical inferences’ (i.e. demonstrably valid or invalid).
In short, Sicily cannot be ‘known’ in the absence of epistemological and methodological historiographic rigor. The literature and art of Sicily can be experienced aesthetically without historiography. But, unless those literary and art works are incorporated into an historiographical context, they tell us virtually nothing about Sicilian society; the values and behavior of the people. They will be solely reports of subjective emotional aesthetic experience.
As Prof. Seno reports:
The generation of the “last 25 years”:
“Strongly engaged in dismantling the historical approach to the study of literature and proposed a formalistic approach (Structuralism and Semiotics being the thriving fashions)”
Literature is seen as ‘universal’ and its historic idiosyncrasies have been sacrificed to abstract methods of interpreting literary facts.”  (p. 255-6)
In sum:
Unless and until the Sicilian American literati and culturati, following Prof. Seno’s recommendations, bringing an epistemologically rigorous history into their literary purview and university curriculums; conferences will be limited to exchanges about respective ‘elephant leg’ titillations. And, Sicilian Americans generally will remain ignorant of their magnificent 3,000 year progeneration.

DISCLAIMER: Posts published in i-Italy are intended to stimulate a debate in the Italian and Italian-American Community and sometimes deal with controversial issues. The Editors are not responsible for, nor necessarily in agreement with the views presented by individual contributors.
© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - RIPRODUZIONE VIETATA.
This work may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, without prior written permission.
Questo lavoro non può essere riprodotto, in tutto o in parte, senza permesso scritto.