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Professor Cosetta Seno asks: …“Who Did It? The Mysterious Murder of the History of Italian Literature” … [part 1 of 2]

Professor Cosetta Seno asks: …“Who Did It? The Mysterious Murder of the History of Italian Literature” … [part 1 of 2]

Tom Verso (February 12, 2016)

In her 2014 “Italica” article, “Who Did It? The Mysterious Murder of the History of Italian Literature” (Vol. 91, # 3, pp. 255-276), University of Colorado Italian Studies Professor Cosetta Seno reports on the findings of her study of American Ph.D Italian Studies' ‘reading lists’ for the period 1960 to 2010. A literature teacher herself, understandably the title of Prof. Seno’s article has a dramatic flair. But don’t be fooled! The project she reports on was rigorously empirical, analytical and statistically systematic. She “gathered a large number of reading lists from several random universities.” The objective of the project was undertaken to determine: (1) “Italian authors studied”, (2) “how long they were kept in the canon”, (3) “whether their works were read in complete or anthologized form”, and (4) “any other changes resulting from modifications in course requirements.” The study was undertaken at the behest of her “Italian colleagues interested in Italian literature studies in the United States over the five decades in question”. /// /// Further, having passed on the result of her research to her [Italian] colleagues, she was “tempted to share my observations with American Italianisti colleagues hoping to have them look into some of the problems I see, so that we can exchange some concerns and propose changes that would be beneficial to our programs.” /// /// To my mind: it is interesting (indeed fascinating) to note that the interest and motivation for the study of American university Italian Literature “syllabi” came from Italians (i.e. in Italy); not American educators. Also, note the trepidatious wording of the decision to share the result of her research with "American Italianisti colleagues": “TEMPTED to share”… “HOPING to have them look into some of the problems I see…” Seemingly, the American Italian literature teachers have no curiosity, concern or even awareness about pedagogic problems in teaching Italian literature. Especially interesting, to students of the American pedagogic wastelands, their apparent blasé attitude about teaching is not limited to teaching Italian literature. Literature scholar and teacher Camille Paglia has, as is her style, railed against contemporary methods of teaching literature, in all genre at all levels of the American education system (e.g. see http://www.c-span.org/video/?115418-1/american-education-reform) /// /// Significantly, to my mind, Prof. Seno’s study was not simply undertaken at the behest of her colleagues in Italy. She herself, I ‘judge’, is native Italian: her first name is not American, her undergraduate degree is from the ‘North of Rome’ University of Macerata and her speech is heavily Italian accented (see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvVBfK8g0VE); also, of the 14 publications [two books and 12 articles) listed in her University of Colorado curriculum vitae, there are only two English language publication. //// /// And yet the problems this Italian scholar sees in American Italian literature studies, exactly match those observed by Southern-Italian American professor Paglia; i.e. the failure to teach literature in the context of the history of literature. The history of literature manuals once ubiquitous in both the teaching of Italian literature (Seno) and literature generally (Paglia) are now virtually extinct; replace by aesthetic theories such as ‘structuralism’, ‘semiotics’, etc. Seno writes: “Today Italian literature seems to be simply literature, and one can and should read D’Annuzio as s/he would read Proust or Joyce. Literature is seen as ‘universal’ and its historic idiosyncrasies have been sacrificed to abstract methods of interpreting literary facts”. And, Paglia says: “the sense of chronology is completely gone … the sense of chronology is completely missing from the humanities faculty.” (all Seno quotes: p. 255-6)

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Curiously, to my mind, Professor Seno was asked by “colleagues” in Italy who were “interested in Italian literature studies in the United States over the past five decades”; curious, in that I can’t help but wonder why teachers of Italian literature in Italy would be interested in the pedagogic practices of American Italian literature teachers. Prof. Seno, to my disappointment, did not address this. However, she is writing to and for what she calls “American Italianisti” (a group I am so-not part of), thus her professional readers may be aware of such reasons and need not be apprised.

Professor Seno’s article is essential tripartite:
1) A brief, albeit brilliantly cogent, description and generational analysis of the “American Italianisti and their pedagogic practices.
2) A very detail summary of the three century history (1700 to present) of the writing of “storia della literature” manuals, and the literary and pedagogic implications of their demise in the second half of the twentieth century.
3) A concluding section of suggestions and recommendations for the teaching of Italian literature.
****
Regarding the “American Italianisti”:
The first social historical ‘observation’ Professor Seno makes:
When addressing American Italianisti, one must take into account the wide diversity in the ages and training … changes in doctoral requirements.
Specifically, there are:
Three generations of scholars teaching Italian literature at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Those trained:
- “in the early Sixties
- “in the last 25 years
- “in last few years
Going to the essence of her article – curriculum: one of the most significant differentiating characteristic of these three groups is the curricular changes over the last 50 years.
The generation of the “early Sixties”:
“They feel totally outdated: the curricular changes have been so overwhelming for them that they may feel as though they belong to a completely surpassed and forgotten breed of scholars
“They were solidly committed to the historical understanding of literature(p. 255-6)
The generation of “last 25 years”:
“Have some idea of these changes, and feel that their generation still has a significant role to play.
“Strongly engaged in dismantling the historical approach to the study of literature and proposed a formalistic approach (Structuralism and Semiotics being the thriving fashions)” (p. 255-6)
The generation “most recent”:
“Who have attended graduate school in the last few years most likely are unaware of any major changes, in part because they have been neither exposed to the problems of history nor developed any notion of a diachronic inquiry.
“Show a sense of satiety and dissatisfaction with strictly formalistic interpretations of texts.
“Has pushed for a trend more sensitive to ‘culture which they feel could pay greater attention to gender and postcolonial studies than any previous reading method.” (p. 255-6)
More specifically the changes that have occurred in Italian Studies in the last fifty years are as follows:
Literature
Italian literature is any literature, without any peculiarity that distinguishes it from other literatures. Today Italian literature seems to be simply literature, and one can and should read D’Annuzio as s/he would read Proust or Joyce.
Literature is seen as ‘universal’ and its historic idiosyncrasies have been sacrificed to abstract methods of interpreting literary facts.” (note: This is an allusion to Structuralism/Semiotics)
Canon
Seventies: not much attention was paid to the Italian women writers.
Eighties: the role of our female authors has seen exponential growth
PhD Requirements
“Final Exams… amount of reading: no longer requires long lists of texts distributed across all areas of Italian literature. Today this seems punitive and downright inhumane for the students.
“Some PhD candidates are required to read only a limited selection of canonical texts. The areas and periods are chosen by the candidates themselves and are strictly related to the topic of their dissertation.
“Languages … Until Eighties PhD candidates in Italian required German and Latin and other major Romance languages, today this requirement has been dropped almost everywhere. In part because in the Seventies the PhD was in ‘’romance Languages” not separate Italian departments. (p. 256)
Regarding the causes of the changes generally:
“It is not my intention to attempt to understand the reasons behind such changes: this endeavor would require ample study and competence that I do not presume to have. In general it is clear that these changes took place in a wide context:
‘Social factors (demographics, job market, geopolitical changes, didactic/teaching experience, etc.)
“Ideological factors (an ever-growing presence of minorities and of gender studies) forced our academic programs to respond to their pressure.
“Manuals… We have loss the idea and the vision of the history of literature. Its clearest mark is in the disappearance of the manuals of storia della literature. This event and its consequences will be the topic of my research. (P257)
Thus, in the first three pages of her twenty page ten thousand word article, Prof. Cosetta demonstrates that, while steeped in literature (Ph.D. Berkeley, M.A. Univ. Virginia) and languages (e.g. Certificate of Proficiency in Russian Language, Moscow State University), she has a scientific mind. The first step in the scientific method is meticulous observation and the second classification.
However, her objective is not solely description and classification. Ultimately her goal is evaluative and normative. Prof. Cosetta “has a dog in the fight”, the revival of “storia della literature” manuals, and the key to achieving her historiographic and pedagogic objectives lay with the “most recent generationof Italian literature Ph.Ds:
“As odd as it may seem, our considerations are addressed primarily to the culture students (i.e. most recent PhD generation), not only because they appear to represent the leading trend for the time being, but because they may turn out to be sensitive listeners to our proposal of returning in some measure to the study of the history of literature. (p.257)
(Note:  her use of the adjective our”, the possessive form of “we”; i.e. more than one person. It’s not clear what persons other than Prof. Seno are denoted; unless it is to be understood as a variation of the so-called “royal WE”. )
 
Again, its important to emphasize, regarding the demise of “storia della literature” manuals, Prof. Seno studies the phenomenon empirically with “syllabi” observations.
“The disappearance of this kind of manual is widespread across the area of literature studies regardless of the national boundaries, and has created everywhere grave lacunae in our programs.
“While reviewing the syllabi, I noticed that the textbooks of "the history of Italian literature" were dropped between the Seventies and Eighties” (p. 257)
More specifically, again indicative of her empirical mindset, she identifies precisely what manuals she is considering; the specific books and authors she has in mind. Hers is not an abstract discussion about the philosophy of education.
I am talking about the glorious manuals by Natalino Sapegno, Giuseppe Petronio, or Carlo Salinari, authors venerated some decades ago as auctoritates and whose textbooks were regarded as indispensable.
Today they are completely unknown to current students. Their presence was once so pervasive that their total disappearance leads one to think that an era has truly faded away. (p 257)
Indicative of the pervasiveness of the pedagogic change in universities is the affect on the publishing industry.
“Today no one writes a history of literature as did the aforementioned authors, but if someone were to do so, they would not find a willing publisher. (p. 257)
Having describe the generational changes in the education of PhDs and alluded to the pedagogic change associated with the demise of “storia della literature” manuals, Prof. Seno proceeds to outlining the history of “storia della literature” manuals.
Cutting to the chase, Prof. Seno posits the fundamental questions:
“Why, then, has this kind of teaching aid been removed from the study of our discipline? Especially given its virtues:
- Important data
- Important ideas
- Solutions to several question regarding connections among events, traditions and generations (p. 257)
Further she asks:
WHY and when did it happen that these literary manuals were dismissed and tied to a past that had a different way of knowing and interpreting literature? (p 257)
Prof. Seno immediately establishes that she is not only (simply) a literary aesthetician; rather more, she is a practitioner of the empirical historiographic method that the great historian and methodologist Marc Block called the “Historian’s Craft.” She writes:
“In this essay I will survey the genre ‘History of Literature,’ looking precisely into what caused them to thrive and ultimately to vanish. (p. 258)
Specifically, her comprehensive historiographic method entails:
Reviewing the history of the manual genre
Seeing:
- what brought them to light
- what made them disappear
- what made them so popular and successful
Discover in them something that can be updated and used anew” (p. 258)
However, importantly she is not simply (only) acting the role of an objective historian. Unlike so many of her colleagues in the American university system, Prof. Seno is not an ivory tower “Glass Bead Game” scholar a la Heese’s “Magiaster Ludi”. She is a teacher! And, as a teacher, she believes in the pedagogic virtue of teaching literature via its history. She writes:
I will propose some ways of updating the genre in order to reinforce our programs of studies of Italian literature by restoring, at lest to some extent, that sense of history that recent generations seem to have lost. (p. 258)
Professor Seno then spends the next ten pages of her article (50%) describing the history of “storia della literature” manuals from the 1700s down to the present time. In turn, the following will outline her presentation of that literary history. Emphasis on outline! She compresses an enormous amount of factual data in a short space, which can at best only be alluded to, in a review article such as this.
Further, the comprehensiveness of her history will preclude presenting and discussing her six page concluding recommendation about teaching literature today. Those thoughts are so significant that they warrant a subsequent stand-alone second blog article.
*******
The Eighteenth CenturyNationalism
First it should be noted, Professor Seno, unlike so many scholars, does not write in equivocal / metaphoric terms; her language is empirical and therefore precise. Her sentence structures are crisp subject-predicate without the strings of parenthetical phases one often encounterns in academic writing.
She begins with a detail description of the definitive characteristics of what she means by storia della literature:
“The storia della letteratura was conceived as a manual which reconstructs the history and continuity of the literary culture of a given country (p. 258)
The emphasis of a given country” is important because:
“This type of manual was born as a literary genre in the same period in which the ideas of "nation" were taking shape, i.e. the beginning of the 1700s
Writing a history of literature was another way of looking at a national identity, of offering a systematic documentation of the literary heritage defined along the lines of linguistic and geographic unity of a country. (p. 258)
Specifically she describes the organization and content of such manuals:
“… studying the literary culture’s forms as well as its authors and their works.
This type of manual organizes everything into an historical framework, paying attention to its division into periods and their respective characterization, as well as emphasizing the chain of causes and effects. (p. 258)
Having noted the social conditions associated with the origin of the storia della literature genre (i.e. rise of nationalism), and the general organizational characteristics of such manuals, Prof. Seno then gets down to the specific intent of her article: Italy!
Interestingly, the storia della literature genre was not created as a celebration per se of Italian literature, rather a rationalization of Italian literary decadence.
“In Italy, the genre History of Literature was born at the beginning of the 1700s it was created to reject the accusation that Italians were incapable of producing literature worthy of this name, and to prove that the decadence of Italian letters had been caused by foreign invasions. (p. 258)
While the case can be made that the Italian History of Literature genre did not “Leap from the Head of Zeus” a la Athena, a complete form with no evolutionary history; nevertheless, the sixteenth and seventeenth century evolutionary precursors were significantly different than the eighteenth century mature form.
In previous centuries there had been some sketches of a history of Italian literature, but it would be wrong to see them as forerunners of the systematic histories of literature that we are considering. (p. 258)
[For example works such as:] Anton Francesco Doni's La libreria (1550 and 1551) and Ortensio Lando's La sferza di scrittori antichi e moderni (1550); catalogs of authors and works, interesting indeed but not composed along any historical criteria.(p. 259)
Thus, the first genuine work of the genre was written in 1698.
“To see a true history of literature with a systematic, scientific, and chronological framework, it is necessary to wait until the 1700s.
“On the eve of the 1700s, precisely in 1698, the ponderous Historia della volgare poesia by Gian Maria Crescimbeni was published and reprinted several times in an expanded and annotated form. This work holds claim to some 'firsts' in the genre. (p. 259)
What specifically differentiates Crescimbeni's work from the previous ‘histories of Italian literature’ and defines the new genre:
“The arranging of material in strict chronological order, a method that allows us to see [empirically] at least two important things:
first, to establish the birth date and growth of a given poetic school
second, to see how the Italian poetic production went through different periods during the centuries. (p. 259)
What is important to keep in mind about Crescimbeni’s periodization of Italian literary history is the defining characteristic he used to differentiate respect periods. He sees the history in cyclical terms; i.e. cycles of “splendor and decadence”.
“He was the first to use a chronological scheme as the base upon which to build the structure of the history of literature [that] outlined a scheme of development made by an alternation of splendor and decadence (p. 259)
Perhaps more significant still; his cycles of literary “splendor and decadence” were associated with the broader social issues:
Crescimbeni's model allows for moral and political considerations that will be fully voiced by future historians who will tie the moments of literary decadence with the political and moral situation of the day(p. 259)
Briefly, the splendor and decadence historical cycles of Italy’s literature was as follows:
“The beginnings of our poetic tradition did not have sophistication in either learning or formal craft, but in a short time it rose to the splendor of the three crowns of the 1300s [i.e. Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio]
Decline during the Hunanistic period
Flourished again in the 1500s
“New decline due to marinismo and to the Baroque concettismo (p. 259)
Further, the significance of Crescimbeni’s is not limited to his aesthetic and moral/political cyclical history; rather more the affect he had on future writers. Again his was the first in what became a whole genre of literary history and criticism.
“The fact that Crescimbeni's model was immediately imitated and improved upon demonstrates that he had succeeded in identifying a type of historical research which proved to be very useful for his contemporaries: through the study of their literary tradition, they could advance some claims to greatness and derive some pride and awareness of their own identity. (259-260)
Following Crescimbeni in the eighteenth century:
Giacinto Gimma in his Ida della storia dell’Italia letteraria (1723)
Saverio Quadrio’s seven volumns of Della storia e ragione di ogni poesia (1739-1752)
Giammaria Mazzucchelli’s Gli scrittori d’Italia, cioe notizie storiche e critiche intorno alle vite e agli scritti de’ literati italiani (1753-1763) (p.260)
However:
“The masterpiece of the genre in the Eighteenth century--rightly considered the cradle of literature historiography--is Storia della letteratura italiana (1772-1782), published in many volumes by Girolamo Tiraboschi,
“His work represents the best and most mature achievement of literary historiography in the 1700s. It is not limited to the study of the belles-lettres, but incorporates many cultural aspects, from science to life in the academies (p.260)
There are two significant aspects to Triaboschi’s work:
Frist, he expands on the concept of chronological order introduced by Crescimbeni into the concept of an epoch.
“The author follows a chronological criterion but adapts it in such a way as to make it coincide with the idea of "epoch," allowing for better characterizations.
Secondly, he expands on the concept of  “Italian literature”.
“By ‘Italian literature’ he means all of the cultural and literary activity that took place in the geographic space named Italy, so it also includes everything known about the Etruscans and the Latins. (p. 261)
The significance of Triaboschi’s work cannot be overstated.
“Tiraboschi's history is still consulted today, and some of the best recent histories of literature, such as that of Einaudi, return to the model of "cultural" reconstruction adopted by Tiraboschi, who under this respect was similar to Gimma. (p.261)
 
The Nineteenth CenturyRomanticism
The concepts associated with the Romantic milieu permeated and changed virtually (literally?) all categories of the humanities (poetry, philosophy, historiography, etc.).
“The Romantic period brought about a considerable change in the genre of literary historiography. Change was unavoidable in all ranges of areas, including the concept of history, the aesthetics notion of art, and even the idea of nation. (p. 261)
 “In general, literary historiography enters into the great debate between Classics and Romantics (the latter guided by the German Romantics). (p. 261)
Accordingly, the character of Storia della letteratura italiana followed suit; as is exemplified in the works of Paolo Emiliani Giudici and Francesco De Sanctis.
Giudici , who came under the influence of the German Romantics.
“The Storia delle belle lettere in Italia was published by Emiliani Giudici in 1855--actually in 1844, but with the title Storia della letteratura italiana.
In the manner of the idealist German Romantics, Emiliani Giudici understands literature as the expression of the 'spirit' or 'soul' of a people caught in its dynamic search of identity, moving towards the fulfillment of what it understands to be its own destiny. (p262)
“Emiliani Giudici's Storia clearly differs from the histories written in the 1700s and can be considered markedly Romantic, animated as it is by the passion of the Risorgimento as well as an ethical and political layout. (p. 263)
To my mind, perhaps the most significant aspect of Giudici’s thinking (like Crescimbeni in the previous century) was establishing a basis of literary historiography for those who followed him; indeed, arguably the essence of literary historiography (i.e. the “relationship between literature and history”).
“His Storia exposes in a schematic way one of the major problems that the genre "history of literature" will always face, namely the relationship between history and literature, for no aesthetics have ever solved it in a definitive way. (p. 263)
To my mind, just as Crescimbeni laid the groundwork for Triaboschi, Giudici set the stage for the great Neapolitan scholar and teacher Francesco De Sanctis
“The problem of the relationship between history and literature had already been debated by scholars such as Carlo Tenca, Vittorio Imbriani, Luigi Settembrini and many others….it will take a genius like Francesco De Sanctis to come up with conclusions that will engage ensuing generations of critics.
“It is to the credit of Emiliani Giudici's Storia to have brought it to the fore. (p263)
De Sanctus was born in Avelino (1817) and past away in Naples (1883). His seminal work Storia della letteratura italiana 1870-1871 was published by South of Rome publishers:  the Neapolitan house Morano (which also published Luigi Settembrini), and the 1912 edition by Gius. Laterza & Figli of Bari.
De Sanctus work, while still consistent with the Romantic milieu in rejecting “classicism”, nevertheless was nothing less than a revolutionary manifesto in literature historiography.
“In 1869, Francesco De Sanctis reviewed Settembrini's Lezioni di letteratura italiana, and it was an essay/manifesto in the sense that it proposed a new way of understanding the history of literature: he had already begun to write his famous Storia. (p 263-264)
Specifically, he criticized previous histories as being vague and posited a more factual / empirical basis for writing the history of literature.
“Previous histories of literature were built upon foggy ideas with little attention given to the concrete literary aspects.
“To write a history of literature one must dominate at least two areas.
“The first is to have a thorough knowledge of authors, epochs, and literary movements; De Sanctis notices that in Italy specific studies are lacking and there is no tradition of writing monographs about the single author and the culture of his respective period.
“The second requirement is to have clear ideas on what is meant by literary art:
“A literary work achieves greatness and success when its form coincides organically with the content that it wishes to express--that is, when it achieves the synthesis of two elements that cannot be considered separately. (p. 264)
Interestingly, the potential radical change that De Santics’ work could have wrought was stillborn. Even as it was coming off the presses (so to speak), new more radical notions of literary historiography were being advanced. Darwin’s influence, for example, was not limited to biology. His evolutionary conceptual system of nature affected historiographic writing generally (e.g. Social Darwinism) and literary history particularly.
“De Sanctis' Storia could have marked a turning point and opened a new tradition of writing history of literature, but when it was published, another way of conceiving the history of literature was already underway. This new way was based on Darwin's "scientific" model, and the history of literature was to be written following the laws of evolution theory. (p. 265)
The twentieth CenturyCroce, etc.
It seems that in the broadest sense of milieu, literary historiography follows a centennial cycle. As the nineteenth century milieu differed from the eighteenth, so too did the twentieth follow suit and differed from the nineteen. Further, the changes in the previous two centuries could be considered relatively minor compared to the virtual onslaught of theorizing that took place in the twentieth century beginning with Benedetto Croce.
“The genre of storia letteraria faced a total extinction when, at the beginning of the century, Benedetto Croce published Estetica come scienza dell'espressione e linguistica generale (1902), which provided a systematic and philosophical discussion of aesthetics. (p265-266)
Croce erased all existing criteria about literary genresabout the difference between popular and cultured poetry, about rhetoric ... because he found them to be totally useless for understanding artistic creation.
Of the many ideas Croce posited regarding storia letteraria, to my mind the most intriguing is his radical idea about publishing, which places editors and publishers on an equal, or even greater, footing with the historian.
“The only way to write a history of literature is to write monographs on individual authors, and then allow a publisher or an editor to put them in an order that might appear to be chronological.(p. 266)
Further this was not some abstract notion about publishing, it was a reality.
“This is what really happened when Mario Sansone selected a series of Croce's essays and arranged them in a chronological sequence (La letteratura italiana per saggi storicamente disposti, 1963-1967, in 4 volumes). (p 266)
While Croce’s work did not actually destroy the genre of storia letteraria, nevertheless it can be said to have rendered the genre morbid.
Croce's ideas did not succeed in erasing the tradition of writing histories of literature … [However] for the whole first half of the 1900s there were no noteworthy manuals of storia della letteratura, but the few that are remembered (Mario Sansone, Francesco Flora, and others, most notably Attilio Momigliano) are pervaded by the Crocean notion of poetry as pure intuition.
Ironically, even though Croce’s work rendered theorizing about the history of literature dormant, his ideas became pervasive in Italian culture.
“The Crocean notion of poetry as pure intuition … this notion entered into Italian culture because it was spread through those manuals conceived as an important teaching tooltherefore they enjoyed a wide circulation. (266-277)
Nevertheless, as pervasive as Croce’s thinking was, it was by far not the last word in the twentieth century philosophy of literary historiography. In the middle of the twentieth century there began a revival of thinking about literary history inspired by Marxism.
“Starting in the Fifties, a new aesthetic trend favored a revival of histories of literature. They drew inspiration from Marxist theories that consider literature as part of the superstructure that reflects a basic economic structure. (p. 267)
“It is the period in which Lukacs introduced his aesthetic notion of 'realism' and Gramsci's concept of 'nazional-populare' become the clue to characterize and evaluate Italian literature. (p267)
Finally, the collectivist delivered a serious negative blow to history of literature.
“The Fifties saw also the beginnings of the 'collective writing' of storia della letteratura, inaugurated with the many volumes from the publisher Garzanti, arranged by century and assigned to multiple contributors: it was becoming clear that no single scholar could write about the whole span of Italian literature with the necessary competence.
“It was obvious, however, that such tools in many volumes no longer had a teaching function but became works for consultation,
“The last 'history of literature' manual by a single author is, if I am not mistaken, that of Giulio Ferroni (Storia della letteratura italiana, 1991). (p. 267)
This collective genre further gave rise to a phoenix - “companions”
“From the ashes of these “histories” arose a type of manuals that could be called companions: they combine anthological selections with critical-historical introductions, and often broaden the border to include foreign literature in order to contextualize the Italian counterpart. For example: Remo Ceserani (Il materiale e l'immaginario, 1979-1988) and dozens of imitations crowded the field (Petronio, Luperini, Pazzaglia, Antonelli-Sapegno ...) (p. 267)
However, these new “companion” anthologies were no substitute for genuine histories of literature.
“They do not completely or satisfactorily replace the traditional 'histories of literature': they are essentially anthologies that hardly cover the design of the whole and leave many areas in shadow or in complete darkness, given that they focus primarily on the texts that they select. (p. 267)
Indeed, they in fact contributed to the further demise of literary history
In a way, these companions contribute to the dissolution of the genre "history of literature" because they pretend to substitute it when in fact they degrade it. (p. 267-268)
 
And now: “Who Did It? The Mysterious Murder of the History of Italian Literature”
As bad as the negative affects of the above twentieth century literary criticism had on the genre history of literature, the coup de grâce to the history of literature came from structuralism and semiotics: the notion that a literary work was analogous to a chemical compound and could only be understood by analyzing its component parts.
“The most serious blow on the history of literture genre came from a combination of factors including the explosion of 'literary theories' starting with the "structuralism".
“The respective leaders of these tendencies are Roland Barthes and Hans Robert Jauss. Structuralism, which developed at the end of the Fifties, was the most implacable theoretical adversary of our genre: it has a strictly synchronic structure and a total disregard for historic data and aesthetic value
“ In the case of Barthes, it is necessary to remember his various proclamations about "the death of the author," thereby eliminating at once an indispensable element of the history of literature.
Structuralism and then Semiotics destroyed all possibility of writing new histories of literature. (p. 268)
As if that were not enough, further adding to the demise of the genre was the theroy of reception. Whereas Croce substitued the editor/publisher for the author, 'reception' subtitued the reader.
“No less serious was the blow dealt by the theory of reception or by the criticism of the reader's response.
The theory of "Rezeption ," which disregarded the importance of the author, substituting it with the importance of the reader. (p/. 268)
The history of literature did not suffer solely because of the attacks on it from within the genre. Rather, the whole of western historiographic conception of writing history was undergoing change. That general change in the nature of the “historian craft” impacted upon history of literature.
To add fire to the demolition of the old genre of storia della letteratura, we must recall the long debates on the validity of the traditional way of understanding history: the school of the French Annales has considered irrelevant the reconstruction of the great historical events (p.269)
And the hits keep coming!
 Another negative factor has been the Postmodernism, so distrustful of the 'great narrations', and the 'history of literature' would be one of them. (p. 269)
In short,
“The fact is that in today's Italy the manuals of storia della letteratura belong in the worlds of antiquarians (p. 269)
Coming full circle:
“These observations bring us back to the point that prompted our inquiry on our PhD programs, which by now completely ignore the storie della letteratura, strongly required some decades ago. (p. 269)
At this point in her article, Professor Seno proceeds with some considerations about the teaching of Italian literature.
In the following paragraphs I dare to put forward some impressions and suggestions on this subject. (p. 269)
However, in as much as her “following paragraphs” constitutes an additional six pages, a summary and discussion of her thoughts on the subject will entail a subsequent blog article.

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